The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international research collaboration coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) whose goals were to determine the sequence of the human chromosomes and identify and map all human genes. The project began in 1988 when Congress funded both the NIH and the DOE and was completed in April of 2003. The HGP used a clone-oriented approach to produce map data, clone reagents, and the assembled human genome sequence. The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium published the first draft of the human genome, with the sequence 90% complete, in the journal Nature in February 2001. The full sequence was completed in April 2003. The HGP resulted in significant technology, tool, and resource development that continues to have a significant impact on medicine and other life sciences.
The Genome Reference Consortium (GRC) was formed in 2008 to maintain the reference assembly for the human genome. The goals of this group are to correct regions that are misrepresented, to close remaining gaps, and to produce alternative assemblies of structurally variant loci. The consortium does experimental work to address gaps or sub-optimal sequence regions and has developed the infrastructure to review and curate assembly joins. The GRC consists of: The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Genome Center at Washington University, The European Bioinformatics Institute and The National Center for Biotechnology Information. The public can see regions under review and report genome problems at the GRC website, http://genomereference.org.
The human genome assembly submitted by the GRC is available in GenBank under accession ranges GL000001-GL000258 (the scaffolds), and CM000663-CM000686 (the chromosomes).
Comment
The DNA sequence is composed of genomic sequence, primarily finished clones that were sequenced as part of the Human Genome Project. PCR products and WGS shotgun sequence have been added where necessary to fill gaps or correct errors. All such additions are manually curated by GRC staff. For more information see: http://genomereference.org"}},"meta":{"timestamp":"2026-06-01T16:23:52.737Z","request_id":"febadba9-25e6-4a8a-8301-ec53367f5115"},"status":"ok","message":"Record retrieved","success":true}}}},"401":{"description":"Missing or invalid x-oanor-key header"},"402":{"description":"Active subscription required"},"429":{"description":"Rate-limit or monthly quota reached"},"502":{"description":"Upstream did not respond"}}}},"/v1/search":{"get":{"operationId":"get_v1_search","tags":["Archive"],"summary":"Search the archive for a taxon's records","description":"","parameters":[{"name":"taxon","in":"query","required":true,"description":"NCBI taxon id (from /v1/taxon), e.g. 9606","schema":{"type":"string"},"example":"9606"},{"name":"type","in":"query","required":false,"description":"Record type: assembly, sequence, read_run, read_experiment, sample, study, analysis, coding, noncoding","schema":{"type":"string"},"example":"assembly"},{"name":"limit","in":"query","required":false,"description":"Max results (1-100)","schema":{"type":"string"}}],"security":[{"oanorKey":[]}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"OK","content":{"application/json":{"example":{"data":{"type":"assembly","count":10,"scope":"taxon and descendants","taxon":"9606","records":[{"accession":"GCA_000001405","base_count":"3298912062","assembly_name":"GRCh38.p14","assembly_level":"chromosome","scientific_name":"Homo sapiens","genome_representation":"full"},{"accession":"GCA_000001405","base_count":"3272116950","assembly_name":"GRCh38.p13","assembly_level":"chromosome","scientific_name":"Homo sapiens","genome_representation":"full"},{"accession":"GCA_000001405","base_count":"3257347282","assembly_name":"GRCh38.p12","assembly_level":"chromosome","scientific_name":"Homo sapiens","genome_representation":"full"},{"accession":"GCA_000001405","base_count":"3253848404","assembly_name":"GRCh38.p11","assembly_level":"chromosome","scientific_name":"Homo sapiens","genome_representation":"full"},{"accession":"GCA_000001405","base_count":"3241953429","assembly_name":"GRCh38.p10","assembly_level":"chromosome","scientific_name":"Homo sapiens","genome_representation":"full"},{"accession":"GCA_000001405","base_count":"3238442024","assembly_name":"GRCh38.p9","assembly_level":"chromosome","scientific_name":"Homo sapiens","genome_representation":"full"},{"accession":"GCA_000001405","base_count":"3236336281","assembly_name":"GRCh38.p8","assembly_level":"chromosome","scientific_name":"Homo sapiens","genome_representation":"full"},{"accession":"GCA_000001405","base_count":"3232546710","assembly_name":"GRCh38.p7","assembly_level":"chromosome","scientific_name":"Homo sapiens","genome_representation":"full"},{"accession":"GCA_000001405","base_count":"3231297122","assembly_name":"GRCh38.p6","assembly_level":"chromosome","scientific_name":"Homo sapiens","genome_representation":"full"},{"accession":"GCA_000001405","base_count":"3230538373","assembly_name":"GRCh38.p5","assembly_level":"chromosome","scientific_name":"Homo sapiens","genome_representation":"full"}]},"meta":{"timestamp":"2026-06-01T16:23:52.862Z","request_id":"cd366486-87ae-4cb9-b604-06a971c8bb40"},"status":"ok","message":"Records retrieved","success":true}}}},"401":{"description":"Missing or invalid x-oanor-key header"},"402":{"description":"Active subscription required"},"429":{"description":"Rate-limit or monthly quota reached"},"502":{"description":"Upstream did not respond"}}}},"/v1/meta":{"get":{"operationId":"get_v1_meta","tags":["Meta"],"summary":"Usage notes","description":"","parameters":[],"security":[{"oanorKey":[]}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"OK","content":{"application/json":{"example":{"data":{"note":"The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) is EMBL-EBI's comprehensive public archive of nucleotide sequence — one of the three INSDC partners alongside NCBI GenBank and DDBJ — holding raw sequencing reads, assembled and annotated genomes, sequences, samples and studies for all of life. Workflow: /v1/taxon?name=Homo sapiens resolves an organism name to its NCBI taxon id, scientific name, rank and lineage (or pass taxon=9606 to look up by id); then /v1/search?taxon=9606&type=assembly searches the archive for that taxon's records — type is one of assembly, sequence, read_run, read_experiment, sample, study, analysis, coding, noncoding (default assembly), tree=false restricts to the exact taxon instead of including descendants, limit 1-100; finally /v1/record?accession=GCA_000001405 returns a record's summary (title, data type, taxon, scientific name, base/sequence counts, status) for any ENA accession — assemblies (GCA_…), studies/projects (PRJ…), samples (SAM…/ERS…), runs (ERR…/SRR…), sequences and more. Data from EMBL-EBI ENA (INSDC, free to use). For protein sequences see the UniProt API, for annotated reference genomes Ensembl, for protein structures AlphaFold, for metagenomics MGnify.","source":"European Nucleotide Archive — EMBL-EBI (ebi.ac.uk/ena), an INSDC partner","endpoints":["/v1/taxon","/v1/search","/v1/record","/v1/meta"],"result_types":["assembly","sequence","read_run","read_experiment","sample","study","analysis","coding","noncoding"]},"meta":{"timestamp":"2026-06-01T16:23:52.916Z","request_id":"f82dba45-cf68-4acc-a4c3-c1942d3eb279"},"status":"ok","message":"Meta retrieved","success":true}}}},"401":{"description":"Missing or invalid x-oanor-key header"},"402":{"description":"Active subscription required"},"429":{"description":"Rate-limit or monthly quota reached"},"502":{"description":"Upstream did not respond"}}}}},"x-oanor-pricing":[{"slug":"free","name":"Free","price_cents_month":0,"monthly_call_quota":600,"rps_limit":2,"hard_limit":true},{"slug":"starter","name":"Starter","price_cents_month":900,"monthly_call_quota":24000,"rps_limit":5,"hard_limit":true},{"slug":"pro","name":"Pro","price_cents_month":2700,"monthly_call_quota":115000,"rps_limit":12,"hard_limit":true},{"slug":"mega","name":"Mega","price_cents_month":6900,"monthly_call_quota":470000,"rps_limit":35,"hard_limit":true}],"x-oanor-marketplace-url":"https://www.oanor.com/api/ena-api"}